FIND(1L)						 FIND(1L)



NAME
       find - search for files in a directory hierarchy

SYNOPSIS
       find [path...] [expression]

DESCRIPTION
       This  manual page documents the GNU version of find.  find searches the directory tree rooted at each
       given file name by evaluating the given expression from left to right,  according  to  the  rules  of
       precedence  (see	 section OPERATORS), until the outcome is known (the left hand side is false for and
       operations, true for or), at which point find moves on to the next file name.

       The first argument that begins with `-', `(', `)', `,', or `!' is taken to be the  beginning  of	 the
       expression;  any	 arguments before it are paths to search, and any arguments after it are the rest of
       the expression.	If no paths are given, the current directory is used.  If no  expression  is  given,
       the expression `-print' is used.

       find exits with status 0 if all files are processed successfully, greater than 0 if errors occur.

EXPRESSIONS
       The  expression is made up of options (which affect overall operation rather than the processing of a
       specific file, and always return true), tests (which return a  true  or	false  value),	and  actions
       (which  have  side  effects  and	 return a true or false value), all separated by operators.  -and is
       assumed where the operator is omitted.  If the expression contains  no  actions	other  than  -prune,
       -print is performed on all files for which the expression is true.

   OPTIONS
       All options always return true.	They always take effect, rather than being processed only when their
       place in the expression is reached.  Therefore, for clarity, it is best to place them at	 the  begin�
       ning of the expression.

       -daystart
	      Measure  times  (for  -amin,  -atime,  -cmin, -ctime, -mmin, and -mtime) from the beginning of
	      today rather than from 24 hours ago.

       -depth Process each directory's contents before the directory itself.

       -follow
	      Dereference symbolic links.  Implies -noleaf.

       -help, --help
	      Print a summary of the command-line usage of find and exit.

       -maxdepth levels
	      Descend at most levels (a non-negative integer) levels of directories below the  command	line
	      arguments.   `-maxdepth  0'  means  only apply the tests and actions to the command line argu�
	      ments.

       -mindepth levels
	      Do not apply any tests or actions at levels less than levels (a non-negative integer).  `-min�
	      depth 1' means process all files except the command line arguments.

       -mount Don't  descend directories on other filesystems.	An alternate name for -xdev, for compatibil�
	      ity with some other versions of find.

       -noleaf
	      Do not optimize by assuming that directories contain 2 fewer subdirectories  than	 their	hard
	      link  count.   This  option  is  needed when searching filesystems that do not follow the Unix
	      directory-link convention, such as CD-ROM or MS-DOS filesystems or AFS  volume  mount  points.
	      Each  directory  on  a  normal Unix filesystem has at least 2 hard links: its name and its `.'
	      entry.  Additionally, its subdirectories (if any) each have  a  `..'   entry  linked  to	that
	      directory.   When	 find  is examining a directory, after it has statted 2 fewer subdirectories
	      than the directory's link count, it knows that the rest of the entries in	 the  directory	 are
	      non-directories  (`leaf'	files  in  the directory tree).	 If only the files' names need to be
	      examined, there is no need to stat them; this gives a significant increase in search speed.

       -version, --version
	      Print the find version number and exit.

       -xdev  Don't descend directories on other filesystems.

   TESTS
       Numeric arguments can be specified as

       +n     for greater than n,

       -n     for less than n,

       n      for exactly n.

       -amin n
	      File was last accessed n minutes ago.

       -anewer file
	      File was last accessed more recently than file was modified.  -anewer is affected	 by  -follow
	      only if -follow comes before -anewer on the command line.

       -atime n
	      File was last accessed n*24 hours ago.

       -cmin n
	      File's status was last changed n minutes ago.

       -cnewer file
	      File's  status  was last changed more recently than file was modified.  -cnewer is affected by
	      -follow only if -follow comes before -cnewer on the command line.

       -ctime n
	      File's status was last changed n*24 hours ago.

       -empty File is empty and is either a regular file or a directory.

       -false Always false.

       -fstype type
	      File is on a filesystem of type type.  The valid filesystem types vary  among  different	ver�
	      sions  of	 Unix;	an  incomplete list of filesystem types that are accepted on some version of
	      Unix or another is: ufs, 4.2, 4.3, nfs, tmp, mfs, S51K, S52K.  You can use -printf with the %F
	      directive to see the types of your filesystems.

       -gid n File's numeric group ID is n.

       -group gname
	      File belongs to group gname (numeric group ID allowed).

       -ilname pattern
	      Like -lname, but the match is case insensitive.

       -iname pattern
	      Like  -name,  but	 the  match  is case insensitive.  For example, the patterns `fo*' and `F??'
	      match the file names `Foo', `FOO', `foo', `fOo', etc.

       -inum n
	      File has inode number n.

       -ipath pattern
	      Like -path, but the match is case insensitive.

       -iregex pattern
	      Like -regex, but the match is case insensitive.

       -links n
	      File has n links.

       -lname pattern
	      File is a symbolic link whose contents match shell pattern pattern.  The metacharacters do not
	      treat `/' or `.' specially.

       -mmin n
	      File's data was last modified n minutes ago.

       -mtime n
	      File's data was last modified n*24 hours ago.

       -name pattern
	      Base  of	file name (the path with the leading directories removed) matches shell pattern pat�
	      tern.  The metacharacters (`*', `?', and `[]') do not match a `.' at the	start  of  the	base
	      name.   To  ignore  a  directory	and  the  files	 under it, use -prune; see an example in the
	      description of -path.

       -newer file
	      File was modified more recently than file.  -newer is affected  by  -follow  only	 if  -follow
	      comes before -newer on the command line.

       -nouser
	      No user corresponds to file's numeric user ID.

       -nogroup
	      No group corresponds to file's numeric group ID.

       -path pattern
	      File  name  matches  shell  pattern  pattern.  The metacharacters do not treat `/' or `.' spe�
	      cially; so, for example,
			find . -path './sr*sc'
	      will print an entry for a directory called './src/misc' (if one exists).	To  ignore  a  whole
	      directory	 tree, use -prune rather than checking every file in the tree.	For example, to skip
	      the directory `src/emacs' and all files and directories under it, and print the names  of	 the
	      other files found, do something like this:
			find . -path './src/emacs' -prune -o -print

       -perm mode
	      File's  permission  bits are exactly mode (octal or symbolic).  Symbolic modes use mode 0 as a
	      point of departure.

       -perm -mode
	      All of the permission bits mode are set for the file.

       -perm +mode
	      Any of the permission bits mode are set for the file.

       -regex pattern
	      File name matches regular expression pattern.  This is a	match  on  the	whole  path,  not  a
	      search.	For  example,  to  match a file named `./fubar3', you can use the regular expression
	      `.*bar.' or `.*b.*3', but not `b.*r3'.

       -size n[bckw]
	      File uses n units of space.  The units are 512-byte blocks by default or	if  `b'	 follows  n,
	      bytes  if	 `c'  follows  n, kilobytes if `k' follows n, or 2-byte words if `w' follows n.	 The
	      size does not count indirect blocks, but it does count blocks in sparse  files  that  are	 not
	      actually allocated.

       -true  Always true.

       -type c
	      File is of type c:

	      b	     block (buffered) special

	      c	     character (unbuffered) special

	      d	     directory

	      p	     named pipe (FIFO)

	      f	     regular file

	      l	     symbolic link

	      s	     socket

	      D	     door (Solaris)

       -uid n File's numeric user ID is n.

       -used n
	      File was last accessed n days after its status was last changed.

       -user uname
	      File is owned by user uname (numeric user ID allowed).

       -xtype c
	      The  same as -type unless the file is a symbolic link.  For symbolic links: if -follow has not
	      been given, true if the file is a link to a file of type c; if -follow has been given, true if
	      c	 is  `l'.  In other words, for symbolic links, -xtype checks the type of the file that -type
	      does not check.

   ACTIONS
       -exec command ;
	      Execute command; true if 0 status is returned.  All following arguments to find are  taken  to
	      be  arguments  to	 the command until an argument consisting of `;' is encountered.  The string
	      `{}' is replaced by the current file name being processed everywhere it occurs  in  the  argu�
	      ments  to	 the  command, not just in arguments where it is alone, as in some versions of find.
	      Both of these constructions might need to be escaped (with a `\') or quoted  to  protect	them
	      from expansion by the shell.  The command is executed in the starting directory.

       -fls file
	      True; like -ls but write to file like -fprint.

       -fprint file
	      True; print the full file name into file file.  If file does not exist when find is run, it is
	      created;	if  it	does  exist,  it  is  truncated.   The	file   names   ``/dev/stdout''	 and
	      ``/dev/stderr''  are  handled  specially; they refer to the standard output and standard error
	      output, respectively.

       -fprint0 file
	      True; like -print0 but write to file like -fprint.

       -fprintf file format
	      True; like -printf but write to file like -fprint.

       -ok command ;
	      Like -exec but ask the user first (on the standard input); if the response does not start with
	      `y' or `Y', do not run the command, and return false.

       -print True; print the full file name on the standard output, followed by a newline.

       -print0
	      True;  print  the	 full  file name on the standard output, followed by a null character.	This
	      allows file names that contain newlines to be correctly interpreted by programs  that  process
	      the find output.

       -printf format
	      True; print format on the standard output, interpreting `\' escapes and `%' directives.  Field
	      widths and precisions can be specified as	 with  the  `printf'  C	 function.   Unlike  -print,
	      -printf does not add a newline at the end of the string.	The escapes and directives are:

	      \a     Alarm bell.

	      \b     Backspace.

	      \c     Stop printing from this format immediately and flush the output.

	      \f     Form feed.

	      \n     Newline.

	      \r     Carriage return.

	      \t     Horizontal tab.

	      \v     Vertical tab.

	      \\     A literal backslash (`\').

	      A	 `\'  character followed by any other character is treated as an ordinary character, so they
	      both are printed.

	      %%     A literal percent sign.

	      %a     File's last access time in the format returned by the C `ctime' function.

	      %Ak    File's last access time in the format specified by k, which is either `@' or  a  direc�
		     tive  for	the C `strftime' function.  The possible values for k are listed below; some
		     of them might not be available on all systems, due to differences in `strftime' between
		     systems.

		      @	     seconds since Jan. 1, 1970, 00:00 GMT.

		     Time fields:

		      H	     hour (00..23)

		      I	     hour (01..12)

		      k	     hour ( 0..23)

		      l	     hour ( 1..12)

		      M	     minute (00..59)

		      p	     locale's AM or PM

		      r	     time, 12-hour (hh:mm:ss [AP]M)

		      S	     second (00..61)

		      T	     time, 24-hour (hh:mm:ss)

		      X	     locale's time representation (H:M:S)

		      Z	     time zone (e.g., EDT), or nothing if no time zone is determinable

		     Date fields:

		      a	     locale's abbreviated weekday name (Sun..Sat)

		      A	     locale's full weekday name, variable length (Sunday..Saturday)

		      b	     locale's abbreviated month name (Jan..Dec)

		      B	     locale's full month name, variable length (January..December)

		      c	     locale's date and time (Sat Nov 04 12:02:33 EST 1989)

		      d	     day of month (01..31)

		      D	     date (mm/dd/yy)

		      h	     same as b

		      j	     day of year (001..366)

		      m	     month (01..12)

		      U	     week number of year with Sunday as first day of week (00..53)

		      w	     day of week (0..6)

		      W	     week number of year with Monday as first day of week (00..53)

		      x	     locale's date representation (mm/dd/yy)

		      y	     last two digits of year (00..99)

		      Y	     year (1970...)

	      %b     File's size in 512-byte blocks (rounded up).

	      %c     File's last status change time in the format returned by the C `ctime' function.

	      %Ck    File's  last  status change time in the format specified by k, which is the same as for
		     %A.

	      %d     File's depth in the directory tree; 0 means the file is a command line argument.

	      %f     File's name with any leading directories removed (only the last element).

	      %F     Type of the filesystem the file is on; this value can be used for -fstype.

	      %g     File's group name, or numeric group ID if the group has no name.

	      %G     File's numeric group ID.

	      %h     Leading directories of file's name (all but the last element).

	      %H     Command line argument under which file was found.

	      %i     File's inode number (in decimal).

	      %k     File's size in 1K blocks (rounded up).

	      %l     Object of symbolic link (empty string if file is not a symbolic link).

	      %m     File's permission bits (in octal).

	      %n     Number of hard links to file.

	      %p     File's name.

	      %P     File's name with the name of the  command	line  argument	under  which  it  was  found
		     removed.

	      %s     File's size in bytes.

	      %t     File's last modification time in the format returned by the C `ctime' function.

	      %Tk    File's  last  modification	 time in the format specified by k, which is the same as for
		     %A.

	      %u     File's user name, or numeric user ID if the user has no name.

	      %U     File's numeric user ID.

	      A `%' character followed by any other character is  discarded  (but  the	other  character  is
	      printed).

       -prune If -depth is not given, true; do not descend the current directory.
	      If -depth is given, false; no effect.

       -ls    True;  list  current file in `ls -dils' format on standard output.  The block counts are of 1K
	      blocks, unless the environment variable POSIXLY_CORRECT is set, in which case 512-byte  blocks
	      are used.

   OPERATORS
       Listed in order of decreasing precedence:

       ( expr )
	      Force precedence.

       ! expr True if expr is false.

       -not expr
	      Same as ! expr.

       expr1 expr2
	      And (implied); expr2 is not evaluated if expr1 is false.

       expr1 -a expr2
	      Same as expr1 expr2.

       expr1 -and expr2
	      Same as expr1 expr2.

       expr1 -o expr2
	      Or; expr2 is not evaluated if expr1 is true.

       expr1 -or expr2
	      Same as expr1 -o expr2.

       expr1 , expr2
	      List;  both  expr1 and expr2 are always evaluated.  The value of expr1 is discarded; the value
	      of the list is the value of expr2.

SEE ALSO
       locate(1L), locatedb(5L), updatedb(1L), xargs(1L) Finding Files (on-line in Info, or printed)



							 FIND(1L)
